«上一篇/Previous Article|本期目录/Table of Contents|下一篇/Next Article»

《地震研究》[ISSN:1000-0666/CN:53-1062/P]

卷:

45

期数:

2022年02期

页码:

199-216

栏目:

出版日期:

2022-05-20

文章信息/Info

Title:

Methods for Identification of Seismic Geochemical Precursors and Source Partitioning of Hot Spring Fluids in Eastern Chinese Mainland

作者:

杜建国

(中国地震局地震预测研究所,高压物理与地震科学联合实验室,中国地震局地震预测重点实验室,北京100036)

Author(s):

CUI Yueju; SUN Fengxia; DU Jianguo

(United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science,Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction,Institute of Earthquake Forecasting,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing 100036,China)

关键词:

温泉流体;  地球化学;  物源解析;  地震前兆;  判识方法

Keywords:

hot spring fluids;  geochemistry;  source partitioning;  earthquake precursor;  identifying method

分类号:

P315.724

DOI:

10.20015/j.cnki.ISSN1000-0666.2022.0051

摘要:

统计分析已有研究中数千组大气化学、温泉流体化学、水-岩反应实验以及地幔包体气体同位素组成等数据,从流体组分来源解析的角度讨论了温泉水和气体的来源,提出了估算深部流体和地幔氦贡献量的模式以及温泉地震流体地球化学异常判识步骤方法。温泉水的δ¹⁸O和δD数据表明,H₂O主要来源于大气降水,少量的(<1%)深部流体对温泉的离子和热能供给不容忽视。大气降水和空气颗粒物可溶离子数据统计结果表明,温泉水中海盐的贡献是可以忽略的。通过统计分析大量大气降水、空气颗粒物可溶盐、水-岩反应实验、深部流体和温泉水的离子浓度及其比值,建立了δ¹⁸O-δD和Na⁺-Cl^-浓度的离子来源判识模型。380多组中国东部新生代玄武岩地幔包体的³He/⁴He和δ¹³C_CO2值统计结果表明其平均值或峰值能够代表本区上地幔的氦、碳同位素比值。在估算温泉气体中地幔氦的百分比时,用汉诺坝地幔包体的³He/⁴He均值(2.1R_A)代表嫩江—紫荆关断裂带以西造山带的上地幔端元值,选用地幔包体较高的³He/⁴He峰值(7R_A)代表断裂带以东上地幔端元³He/⁴He值,这有益于合理估算地幔供给温泉系统、地热田和地震孕育的能量。利用所建源解析模型,提出了从温泉地球化学观测数据中剔除海盐、气象和人为源的干扰,以及从时间序列中提取地震地球化学异常的步骤方法。在半径约为500 km的区域内,多个观测点地球化学指标一起或短时间内先后出现的异常变化可视为地震地球化学前兆。判断地震流体前兆和利用地震流体前兆预测地震必须结合其他学科的观测资料。

Abstract:

The origins of water and gas in hot springs in eastern China’s mainland were discussed by means of source partitioning,and the models of assessing percentages of deep fluids and mantle-derived helium in hot spring fluids and methods of identifying seismic geochemical anomalies were proposed by statistically analyzing thousands of geochemical data of meteoritic water,hot spring fluids,experimental rock-water reactions and gaseous isotope compositions in mantle-derived xenoliths from the literatures. δ¹⁸O and δD data of spring waters indicate H₂O of springs are predominantly originated from meteoric water,while ions and heat energy transported by small amount(<1%)of deep thermal fluids must be emphasized. The statistical results of data of meteoric water and soluble ions of air particles indicated that sea salt contribution to the hot spring water was usually negligible. The models δ¹⁸O-δD and Na⁺-Cl^- for source identification were proposed based on statistical analysis of plenty of chemical data of meteoric water,soluble ions of air particles and ion concentrations of deep thermal fluids and hot spring waters. The mean value or peak value of more than 380 ³He/⁴He ratios and δ¹³C_CO2 values of mantle xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts in eastern China can be considered as the isotopic compositions of He and CO₂ in the local upper mantle. The value of mantle end-member to estimate percentage of mantle-derived He in hot spring gases by using the two end-member model,therefore,average(2.1R_A)of ³He/⁴He of Hannuoba xenoliths should be employed in the orogenic belts in the west of the Nenjiang-Zijingguan fault,while higher peak value(7R_A)of ³He/⁴He of mantle xenoliths in eastern China should be used in the continental rift valley in the east of the fault,which favors reasonable assessment of heat energy supplied from the mantle to the hot spring system,geothermal fields and earthquake generation. The seismic geochemical anomalies could be identified in the time series of geochemically monitoring data of hot springs after ion contributions of sea salt,atmospheric and artificial sources to the spring waters were eliminated by using the proposed source partitioning models. The anomalies of multiple geochemical indicators occurred simultaneously or in short period in an area of 500 km radius could be considered as earthquake precursors. Additionally,the monitoring data from other disciplines should be combined to identify earthquake precursors and predict earthquake using geochemical data.

参考文献/References:

鲍志诚,查小惠,赵影,等.2021.九江庐山地区地下水水文地球化学特征及成因[J].大地测量与地球动力学,41(5):471-477.
车用太,鱼金子.2006.地震地下流体学[M].北京:气象出版社,361-419.
陈志,杜建国,周晓成,等.2014.2012年6月30日新源—和静M_S6.6地震前后北天山泥火山及温泉的水化学变化[J].地震,34(3):97-107.
储雪蕾,霍卫国,樊祺诚,等.1995.中国东部新生代玄武岩中超镁铁质捕虏体的CO₂包裹体的碳,氧同位素初步研究[J].科学通报,40(1):62-64.
杜建国,李营,崔月菊,等.2018a.地震流体地球化学[M].北京:地震出版社,272.
杜建国,仵轲田,孙凤霞.2018b.地震成因综述[J].地学前缘,25(4):255-267.
杜建国,宇文欣,李圣强,等.1998.八宝山断层逸出氡地球化学特征及其与地震对映关系[J].地震,18(2):155-162.
纪嘉彬,陈立奇,汪建君,等.2016.西北太平洋及中国东部近海秋季海洋气溶胶分布特征[J].应用海洋学报,35(3):339-347.
姜莉,崔月菊,王海燕,等.2021.辽东南地区温泉水化学时空变化[J].地震,41(3):114-130.
赖勇,刘玉琳,黄宝玲,等.2005.五大连池和宽甸地幔包体的惰性气体同位素特征——MORB型地幔和交代型地幔[J].岩石学报,21(5):1373-1381.
黎彤,尧纪龙.1963.中国岩浆岩的平均化学成分[J].地质学报,43(3):271-280.
李小飞,张明军,袁马,等.2012.我国东北地区大气降水稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源[J].环境科学,33(9):2924-2931.
刘杰,张国民.2016.“是否存在有助于预报的地震前兆”的讨论[J].科学通报,61(18):1988-1994.
龙汨,周训,李婷,等.2014.北京延庆县松山温泉的特征与成因[J].现代地质,28(5):1053-1060.
牛树银.2007.地幔热柱与资源环境[M].北京:地质出版社.
苏菲,肖燕,贺怀宇,等.2014.山东昌乐—临朐玄武岩中单斜辉石巨晶及地幔捕虏体的He-Ar同位素地球化学[J].科学通报,59(4-5):374-386.
孙凤霞,崔月菊,郑红巍,等.2016.河套盆地周缘泉水地球化学对2015年4月15日M_S5.8阿左旗地震的响应[J].地震,36(2):105-118.
汤华云,郑建平,余淳梅.2007a.华北东部新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩捕虏体的流体及稀有气体组成研究[J].岩石学报,23(6):1531-1542.
汤华云,郑建平,陈红汉,等.2007b.山东半岛第三纪基性火成岩 He-Ar 同位素与岩浆起源[J].中国科学:地球科学,37(4):451-459.
陶士振,刘德良,朱文锦,等.2001.中国东部幔源气体同位素地球化学[J].大地构造与成矿学,25(4):412-419.
王丹璐,张有贤,牛武江.2015.兰州市冬季细颗粒中微量金属元素及无机可溶性离子来源分析[J].环境工程学报,9(8):3944-3954.
王文兴,丁安国.1997.中国降水酸度和离子浓度的时空分布[J].环境科学研究,10(2):1-7.
王泽斌,徐建中,余光明,等.2013.祁连山大雪山地区大气PM2.5 细粒子中可溶性离子特征[J].冰川冻土,5(2):336-344.
吴兑,邓雪娇,范绍佳,等.2005.南岭大瑶山雾区锋面降水的雨水化学成分研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),44(6):105-109.
吴茂炳,王先彬,叶先仁,等.2003.辽宁宽甸新生代火山岩和地幔包体He,Ar同位素组成[J].地球化学,32(5):401-405.
徐敬,张小玲,徐晓斌,等.2008.上甸子本地站湿沉降化学成分与来源解析[J].环境科学学报,28(5):1001-1006.
徐胜,刘丛强.2002.我国东部幔源包体中稀有气体丰度和同位素组成[J].科学通报,47(2):141-146.
薛笑秋,陈立辉,刘建强,等.2019.中国东北软流圈地幔中的原始橄榄岩质地幔:来自大兴安岭地区新生代玄武岩的地球化学证据[J].地球科学,44(4):1143-1158.
杨东贞,周怀刚,张忠华.2002.中国区域空气污染本底站的降水化学特征[J].应用气象学报,13(4):430-439.
于晓岚,汤洁,师昱锋,等.2002.中国南极长城站1998年大气降水化学特征的初步研究[J].气象学报,(4):494-501.
岳中琦.2013.汶川地震与山崩地裂的极高压甲烷天然气成因和机理[J].地学前缘,20(6):15-20.
曾亮,成志雁,也尔哈那提·黑扎提,等.2013.山东地区新生代不同类型地幔源样品中稀有气体同位素组成与成因[J].地质论评,59(4):677-686.
张国民,傅征祥,桂燮泰.2001.地震预报引论[M].北京:科学出版社,130-212.
张国民,罗兰格.1990.地震综合预报的某些进展与展望[J].地震,10(5):25-32.
张凌鹏,丁宏伟,张家峰,等.2020.甘肃省地热流体化学及环境同位素特征和形成年龄分析[J].干旱区地理,43(6):1496-1504.
张玉兰,康世昌,史贵涛,等.2021.青藏高原冰川氮记录研究进展[J].冰川冻土,43(1):135-144.
赵文斌,郭正府,刘嘉麒,等.2021.中国东北新生代火山区CO₂释放规模与成因[J].岩石学报,37(4):1255-1269.
周海燕,周训,柳春晖,等.2008.广东省从化温泉热矿水水化学与同位素特征[J].自然资源学报,23(4):705-712.
Amita K,Ohsawa S,Du J,et al.2005.Origin of Arima-Type deep thermal water from hot spring wells in Oita Plain,eastern Kyushu,Japan[J].Hot Spring Science,55(2):64-77.
Anderson D L.2006.Speculations on the nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity[J].Tectonophysics,416(1-4):7-22.
Audétat A,Edmonds M.2020.Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids[J].Elements,16(6):401-406.
Bernal N F.2015.The evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids as recorded by stable Cl isotopes and Cl/Br elemental ratios in geothermal systems,porphyry copper and iron-oxide-copper-gold deposits[D].Canada:University of Alberta.
Bhuyan P,Ahmed M S,Hopke P K,et al.2020.Understanding the chemistry and sources of precipitation ions in the mid-Brahmaputra Valley of Northeastern India[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,20(12):2690-2704.
Chambefort I,Stefánsson A.2020.Fluids in geothermal systems[J].Elements,16(6):407-411.
Chen Y,Zhang Y,Graham D,et al.2007.Geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts and mantle xenoliths in Northeast China[J].Lithos,96(2007):108-126.
Chen Z,Du J,Zhou X,et al.2014.Hydrochemistry of the hot springs in western Sichuan province related to the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake[J].Scientific World Journal,2014:1-13.
Cicerone R D,Ebel J E,Britton J.2009.A systematic compilation of earthquake precursors[J].Tectonophysics,476(3-4):371-396.
Correale A,Rizzo A L,Barry P H,et al.2016.Refertilization of lithospheric mantle beneath the Yangtze craton in south-east China:Evidence from noble gases geochemistry[J].Gondwana Research,38:289-303.
Craig H.1961.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J].Science,133(3465):1702-1703.
Dai J,Song Y,Dai C,et al.1996.Geochemistry and accumulation of carbon dioxide gases in China[J].AAPG Bulletin,80(10):1615-1626.
Deines P.2002.The carbon isotope geochemistry of mantle xenoliths[J].Earth-Sci Review,58(3-4):247-278.
Du J,Amida K,Ohsawa S,et al.2010.Experimental evidence on imminent and short-term hydrochemical precursors for earthquake[J].Applied Geochemistry,25(4):586-592.
Du J,Cheng W,Zhang Y,et al.2006.Helium and carbon isotopic compositions of thermal springs in earthquake zone of Sichuan,southwestern China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,26(5):533-539.
Du J,Li S,Zhao Y,et al.1999.Geochemical characteristics of gases from the volcanic area Wudalianchi,Northeastern China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,73(2):225-229.
Du J,Liu C,Fu B,et al.2005.Variations of geothermometry and chemical-isotopic compositions of hot spring fluids in the Rehai geothermal field,Southwest China[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,142(3-4):243-261.
Du J,Liu W.1991.Isotopic geochemistry of nonhydrocarbons in natural gas from Sanshui Basin,Guangdong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,10(4):318-325.
Du J,Si X,Chen Y,et al.2008.Geochemical anomalies connected with great earthquakes in China[M]//Stefánsson(Ed),Geochemistry Research Advances,New York:Nova Science Publishers,57-92.
Du J,Sun F,Cui Y,et al.2021.Earthquakes generated by fluid overpressure:insights from cryptoexplosive breccias[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,6:100069.
Du J.1994.Helium isotope evidence of mantle degassing in rift valley,Eastern China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,39(12):1021-1024.
Feng Z,Huang Y,Feng Y,et al.2001.Chemical composition of precipitation in Beijing area,Northern China[J].Water Air Soil Pollution,125(1):345-356.
Focazio M J,Plummer L N,Bohlke J K,et al.1998.Preliminary estimates of residence times and apparent ages of ground water in the Chesapeake Bay watershed,and water quality data from a survey of springs[R].USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report,97-4225.
Fu C C,Lai C W,Yang T F,et al.2021.An automatic system for continuous monitoring and sampling of groundwater geochemistry in earthquake-prone regions of SW Taiwan[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,9:635913.
Giggenbach W F.1992.Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin[J].Earth and Planet Science Letter,113(4):495-510.
Giggenbach W F.1996.Chemical composition of volcanic gases[G]//Scarpa R,Tilling R(Eds).Monitoring and mitigation of volcanic hazards.Springer,221-256.
Gislason S R,Eugster H P.1987.Meteoric water-basalt interactions.II:A field study in N.E.Iceland[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,51(10):2841-2855.
Gislason S R,Hans P E.1987.Meteoric water-basalt interactions.I:A laboratory study[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,51(10):2827-2840.
Gislason S R,Veblen D R,Livi K J T.1993.Experimental meteoric water-basalt interactions:Characterization and interpretation of alteration products[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,57(7):1459-1471.
Hahm D,Hilton D R,Cho M,et al.2008.Geothermal He and CO₂ variations at Changbaishan intra-plate volcano(NE China)and the nature of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle[J].Geophysical Research Letter,35(22):L22304.
Han T,Li Y,Qin J,et al.2018.Hydrochemical changes and influencing factors in the Dongkemadi Region,Tanggula Range,China[J].Water,10(12):1856.
Hanley J J,Koga K T.2018.Halogens in terrestrial and cosmic geochemical systems:abundances,geochemical behaviors,and analytical methods[G]//Harlov D E,Aranovich L.(Eds)The Role of Halogens in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Geochemical Processes.Springer,21-121.
Hartmann J,Levy J K.2005.Hydrogeological and gasgeochemical earthquake precursors -A review for application[J].Natural Hazards,34(3):279-304.
He H,Zhu R,Saxton J.2011.Noble gas isotopes in corundum and peridotite xenoliths from the eastern North China Craton:Implication for comprehensive refertilization of lithospheric mantle[J].Physics of the Earth Planetary Interiors,189(3-4):185-191.
Hoefs J.2015.Stable isotope geochemistry(Eighth Edition)[M].Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,437.
Hontoria C,Saa A,Almorox J,et al.2003.The chemical composition of precipitation in Madrid[J].Water Air Soil Pollution,146(1-4):35-54.
Hu W,Song Y,Chen X,et al.2007.Noble gases in corundum megacrysts from the basalts in Changle,Shandong Province,eastern China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,52(3):380-387.
Imaizumi Y,Tsujimura M,Yamamoto C,et al.2018.Relationship between spring water residence time and microbial information in headwater catchments underlain by different lithology,Japan and New Zealand[C].American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting 2018,abstract #H13N-1961.
Ingebritsen S,Manga M.2014.Earthquakes:hydrogeochemical precursors[J].Nature Geoscience,7(10):697-698.
Jia X,Tang J,Zhang Y.2019.The precipitation chemistry and acidity over China during 2018[C].E3S Web Conference,136:06020.
Karingithi C W,Arnórsson S,Grnvold K.2010.Processes controlling aquifer fluid compositions in the Olkaria geothermal system,Kenya[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,196(1-2):57-76.
Keene W C,Pszenny A A P,Galloway J N,et al.1986.Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,91:6647-6658.
Kim K H,Nagao K,Tanaka T,et al.2005.He-Ar and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions of ultramafic xenoliths and host alkali basalts from the Korean peninsula[J].Geochemical Journal,39(4):341-356.
Kosuke N,Maki T,Yuichi O,et al.2017.Seasonal change of residence time in spring water and groundwater at a mountainous headwater catchment[C].19th EGU General Assembly,EGU2017,3857.
Li C,Kang S,Zhang Q,et al.2007.Major ionic composition of precipitation in the Nam Co region,Central Tibetan Plateau[J].Atmospheric Research,85(3-4),351-360.
Li Y,Huang T,Pang Z,et al.2017.Geochemical processes during hydraulic fracturing:a water-rock interaction experiment and field test study[J].Geoscience Journal,21(5):753-763.
Li Y,Li J,Song H,Guo L.2002.Helium isotope studies of the mantle xenoliths and megacrysts from the Cenozoic basalts in the eastern China[J].Science in China(D),45(2):174-183.
Martinelli G.2020.Previous,current,and future trends in research into earthquake precursors in geofluids[J].Geoscience,10(5):189.
Masuda H,Sakai H,Chiba H,et al.1985.Geochemical Characteristics of Na-Ca-Cl^-HCO^-₃ type waters in Arima and its vicinity in the western Kinki district,Japan[J].Geochemical Journal,19(3):149-162.
Mu L,Zheng L,Liang M,et al.2019.Characterization and source analysis of water-soluble ions in atmospheric particles in Jinzhong,China[J].Aerosol Air Quality Research,19(11):2396-2409.
Ritsema J,Lekic’ V.2020.Heterogeneity of seismic wave velocity in Earth’s Mantle[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science,48(1):377-401.
Rozanski K,Araguas-Araguas L,Gonfiantinni R.1993.Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation[G]//Swart P K,Lohmann K C,McKenzie J.(Eds)Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records.Washington,DC:American Geophysical Union,1-36.
Sano Y,Marty B.1995.Origin of carbon in fumarolic gas from island arcs[J].Chemical Geology,119:265-274.
Sano Y,Wakita H.1985.Geographical distribution of ³He/⁴He ratios in Japan implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,90(B10):872-81.
Song S R,Ku W Y,Chen Y L,et al.2006.Hydrogeochemical anomalies in the springs of the Chiayi area in west-central Taiwan as likely precursors to earthquakes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,163(4):675-691.
Song Y,Frey F A.1989.Geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in basalt from Hannuoba,Eastern China:Implications for subcontinental mantle heterogeneity[J].Geohimica et Cosmochimica Acta,53(1):97-113.
Stimac J,Goff F,Goff C J.2015.Intrusion-related geothermal systems[M]//Sigurdsson H,Houghton B,McNutt S R,et al.(Eds)The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes,2nd edition.Elsevier,799-822.
Tang H,Matsumoto T,Zheng J,et al.2014.Heterogeneous lithospheric mantle metasomatism in the eastern North China Craton:He-Ar isotopes in peridotite xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,80(5):185-196.
Tao M,Xu Y,Shen P,et al.1997.Tectonic and geochemical characteristics and reserved conditions of a mantle source gas accumulation zone in eastern China[J].Sci Chin(D),40(1):73-80.
Taylor H P.1977.Water/rock interactions and the origin of H₂O in granitic batholiths:Thirtieth William Smith lecture[J].Journal of the Geological Society,133(6):509-558.
Tuncer B,Bayar B,Ye瘙塂ilyurt C,et al.2001.Ionic composition of precipitation at the Central Anatolia(Turkey)[J].Atmospheric Environment,35(34):5989-6002.
Wang B,Zhou X,Zhou Y,et al.2021.Hydrogeochemistry and precursory anomalies in thermal springs of Fujian(Southeastern China)associated with earthquakes in the Taiwan Strait[J].Water,13(24):3523.
Wu M,Wang X,Ye X,et al.2004.Helium and argon isotopic composition of Cenozoic alkali basalts and mantle-derived xenoliths from Kuandian,Liaoning province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,23(2):141-147.
Xu S,Fang Z,Matsumoto T,et al.2003.He and Ar isotopes in mantle megacryst minerals from Nushan and Yingfengling in Southeast China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,48(15):1624-1630.
Xu S,Zheng G,Nakai S,et al.2013.Hydrothermal He and CO₂ at Wudalianchi intra-plate volcano,NE China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,62:526-530.
Yamamoto J,Takahata N,Sano Y,et al.2020.Nitrogen and noble gas isotopic compositions of mantle xenoliths from Far Eastern Russia:Implications for nitrogen isotopic characteristics of mantle wedge fluid[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letter,534:116109.
Yang P,Sun X,Liu D,et al.2021.Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater at the Epicenter of the 2021 Biru M6.1 Earthquake in Central Tibet[J].Water,13(21):3111.
Yang X-Y,Lee I,Kim H.2004.Preliminary study on noble gas isotopes of mantle-derived peridotite xenoliths along the Tan-Lu Fault belt,Eastern China[J].Geoscience Journal,8(3):267-272.
Zhang J,Du J,Liu L,et al.1999.Isotopes of helium and argon in spinel Lherzolite of Damaping,Northern Zhangjiakou[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,14(2):239-247.
Zhang M,Hu P,Niu Y,et al.2007.Chemical and stable isotopic constraints on the nature and origin of volatiles in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China[J].Lithos,96(1):55-66.
Zhang W,Du J,Zhou X,et al.2016.Mantle volatiles in spring gases in the Basin and Range Province on the west of Beijing,China:Constraints from helium and carbon isotopes[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,309:45-52.
Zhao W,Guo Z,Lei M,et al.2019.Volcanogenic CO₂ Degassing in the Songliao Continental Rift System,NE China[J].Geofluids,2019(6):1-14.
Zhou H,Zhou X,Su H,et al.2022.Hydrochemical characteristics of earthquake-related thermal springs along the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault,Southeast Tibet Plateau[J].Water,14(1):132.
Zhou X,Wang W,Chen Z,et al.2014.Gas geochemistry of hot springs in western Sichuan Province,China after the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,26(4):361-373.

备注/Memo

备注/Memo:

收稿日期:2022-04-02
基金项目:国家重点研发计划课题(2019YFC1509203)和高压物理与地震科技联合实验室开放基金(2019HPPES08)联合资助.

常用功能

更新日期/Last Update: 2022-05-20